640-816 Exam

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QUESTION 1

Which three options can a network administrator utilize by using PPP Layer 2 encapsulation?

(Choose three.)


A. authentication

B. VLAN support

C. compression

D. multilink support


Answer: A,C,D

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QUESTION 2

A network administrator is troubleshooting the OSPF configuration of routers R1 and R2. The

routers cannot establish an adjacency relationship on their common Ethernet link. The graphic

shows the output of the show ip ospf interface e0 command for routers R1 and R2. Based on the

information in the graphic, what is the cause of this problem?





A. The hello and dead timers are not configured properly.

B. The OSPF process ID numbers must match.

C. A backup designated router needs to be added to the network

D. The cost on R1 should be set higher.


Answer: A


Explanation:

As can be seen above, the hello interval for R1 has been set to 5 seconds, while it is set to 10 for

R2. Also, the dead interval on R1 is set at 20 seconds while on router CKD2 it is set to 40 seconds.

In order for two routers to establish an OSPF neigh adjacency, the hello and dead timers must

match.

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QUESTION 3

Refer to the exhibit. How should the FastEthernet0/1 ports on the 2950 model switches that are

shown in the exhibit be configured to allow connectivity between all devices?





A. The ports only need to be connected by a crossover cable.

B. SwitchX (config)# interface fastethernet 0/1

SwitchX (config-if)# switchport mode access

SwitchX (config-if)# switchport access vlan 1

C. SwitchX (config)# interface fastethernet 0/1

SwitchX (config-if)# switchport mode trunk

SwitchX (config-if)# switchport trunk vlan 1

SwitchX (config-if)# switchport trunk vlan 10

SwitchX (config-if)# switchport trunk vlan 20

D. SwitchX(config)# interface fastethernet 0/1

SwitchX(config-if)# switchport mode trunk


Answer: D

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QUESTION 4

Refer to the exhibit. The following commands are executed on interface fa0/1 of 2950Switch.

2950Switch(config-if)# switchport port-security

2950Switch(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address sticky

2950Switch(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 1

The Ethernet frame that is shown arrives on interface fa0/1. What two functions will occur when

this frame is received by 2950Switch? (Choose two.)





A. The MAC address table will now have an additional entry of fa0/1 FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.

B. This frame will be discarded when it is received by2950Switch.

C. Only host A will be allowed to transmit frames on fa0/1.

D. All frames arriving on2950Switch with a destination of 0000.00aa.aaaa will be forwarded out

fa0/1.


Answer: C,D


Explanation:

The configuration shown here is an example of port security, specifically port security using sticky

addresses. You can use port security with dynamically learned and static MAC addresses to

restrict a port's ingress traffic by limiting the MAC addresses that are allowed to send traffic into

the port. When you assign secure MAC addresses to a secure port, the port does not forward

ingress traffic that has source addresses outside the group of defined addresses. If you limit the

number of secure MAC addresses to one and assign a single secure MAC address, the device

attached to that port has the full bandwidth of the port.

Port security with sticky MAC addresses provides many of the same benefits as port security with

static MAC addresses, but sticky MAC addresses can be learned dynamically. Port security with

sticky MAC addresses retains dynamically learned MAC addresses during a link-down condition.

If you enter a write memory or copy running- config startup- config command, then port security

with sticky MAC addresses saves dynamically learned MAC addresses in the startup- config file

and the port does not have to learn addresses from ingress traffic after bootup or a restart.

Since the maximum number of MAC addresses has been configured to 1, only host A will be able

to send frames on interface fa 0/1, making choice C correct.

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QUESTION 5

A university has a small campus in which 25 faculty members are located. The faculty offices and

student computers are currently on the same network. The faculty are concerned about students

being able to capture packets going across the network and obtain sensitive material. In order to

protect faculty network traffic from student connections ,which action will you take?


A. Remove the student computers from the network and put them on a peer-to-peer network.

B. Put the faculty computers in a separate VLAN.

C. Power down the switches that connect to faculty computers when they are not in use.

D. Install anti-virus software on the student computers.


Answer: B

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QUESTION 6

Running both IPv4 and IPv6 on a router simultaneously is known as dual-stack routing.


A. False

B. True


Answer: B

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QUESTION 7

You are a network administrator. You configure a workgroup switch with all ports assigned to

VLAN 2. And you configure all ports as full-duplex FastEthernet. What is the effect of adding

switch ports to a new VLAN on this switch?


A. The additions will create more collisions domains.

B. IP address utilization will be more efficient.

C. The possibility that switching loops will occur will increase dramatically.

D. An additional broadcast domain will be created.


Answer: D


Explanation:

A VLAN is a group of hosts with a common set of requirements that communicate as if they were

attached to the same wire, regardless of their physical location. A VLAN has the same attributes

as a physical LAN, but it allows for end stations to be grouped together even if they are not located

on the same LAN segment.

Networks that use the campus-wide or end-to-end VLANs logically segment a switched network

based on the functions of an organization, project teams, or applications rather than on a physical

or geographical basis. For example, all workstations and servers used by a particular workgroup

can be connected to the same VLAN, regardless of their physical network connections or

interaction with other workgroups. Network reconfiguration can be done through software instead

of physically relocating devices.

Cisco recommends the use of local or geographic VLANs that segment the network based on IP

subnets. Each wiring closet switch is on its own VLAN or subnet and traffic between each switch is

routed by the router. The reasons for the Distribution Layer 3 switch and examples of a larger

network using both the campus-wide and local VLAN models will be discussed later.

A VLAN can be thought of as a broadcast domain that exists within a defined set of switches.

Ports on a switch can be grouped into VLANs in order to limit unicast , multicast, and broadcast

traffic flooding. Flooded traffic originating from a particular VLAN is only flooded out ports

belonging to that VLAN, including trunk ports, so a switch that connects to another switch will

normally introduce an additional broadcast domain.

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QUESTION 8

Which technology helps prevent frames from looping continuously through this switched network?





A. EIGRP

B. VTP

C. STP

D. ARP


Answer: C

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QUESTION 9

What ports on Sw-AC3 are operating as trunks?(Choose three)




Sw-AC3#show int trunk





A. Fa0/1

B. Fa0/9

C. Fa0/12

D. Fa0/3


Answer: B,C,D

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QUESTION 10

You are a network administrator. You want to add a line to an access list that will block only Telnet

access by the hosts on subnet 192.168.1.128/28 to the server at 192.168.1.5. To accomplish this

task, what command should be used?


A. access-list 101 denyip 192.168.1.128 0.0.0.15 192.168.1.5 0.0.0.0 eq 23

access-list 101 permit ip any any

B. access-list 1 denytcp 192.168.1.128 0.0.0.15 host 192.168.1.5 eq 23

access-list 1 permit ip any any

C. access-list 1 denytcp 192.168.1.128 0.0.0.255 192.168.1.5 0.0.0.0 eq 21

access-list 1 permit ip any any

D. access-list 101 denytcp 192.168.1.128 0.0.0.15 192.168.1.5 0.0.0.0 eq 23

access-list 101 permit ip any any


Answer: D


Explanation:

Only choice specifies the correct TCT port and wildcard mask, and uses a valid access list
number.



Incorrect Answers:

A: IP is specified as the protocol, when it should be TCP.

B: Access list 1 is used for these choices, which is a standard access list. In this example, an

extended access list is required. Choice C also specifies port 21, which is used by FTP not Telnet.

C: Access list 1 is used for these choices, which is a standard access list. In this example, an

extended access list is required. Choice C also specifies port 21, which is used by FTP not Telnet.

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QUESTION 11

Refer to the exhibit. What will be the result of issuing the following commands?

Switch1(config)# interface fastethernet 0/5

Switch1(config-if)# switchport mode access

Switch1(config-if)# switchport access vlan 30





A. The VLAN will not be added to the database, but the VLAN 30 information will be passed on as

a VLAN to theSwitch2 VLAN database.

B. The VLAN will not be added to the database, nor will the VLAN 30 information be passed on as

a VLAN to theSwitch2 VLAN database.

C. The VLAN will be added to the database and VLAN 30 will be passed on as a VLAN to add to

theSwitch2 VLAN database.

D. The VLAN will be added to the database, but the VLAN information will not be passed on to

theSwitch2 VLAN database.


Answer: D


Explanation:

The three VTP modes are described below:

Server: This is the default for all Catalyst switches. You need at least one server in your VTP

domain to propagate VLAN information throughout the domain. The switch must be in server

mode to be able to create, add, or delete VLANs in a VTP domain. You must also change VTP

information in server mode, and any change you make to a switch in server mode will be

advertised to the entire VTP domain.

Client: In client mode, switches receive information from VTP servers; they also send and receive

updates, but they can't make any changes. Plus, none of the ports on a client switch can be added

to a new VLAN before the VTP server notifies the client switch of the new VLAN. Here's a hint: if

you want a switch to become a server, first make it a client so that it receives all the correct VLAN

information, then change it to a server-much easier!

Transparent: Switches in transparent mode don't participate in the VTP domain, but they'll still

forward VTP advertisements through any configured trunk links. These switches can't add and

delete VLANs because they keep their own database-one they do not share with other switches.

Transparent mode is really only considered locally significant.

In our example, the switch is configured for transparent mode. In transparent mode the local

VLAN information can be created but that VLAN information will not be advertised to the other

switch.

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QUESTION 12

S0/0 on R1 is configured as a multipoint interface to communicate with R2 and R3 in the hub-andspoke

Frame Relay topology shown in the exhibit. Originally, static routes were configured

between these routers to successfully route traffic between the attached networks. What will need

to be done in order to use RIP v2 in place of the static routes?







A. Change the 172.16.2.0/25 and 172.16.2.128/25subnetworks so that at least two bits are

borrowed from the last octet.

B. Configure the noip subnet-zero command on R1, R2, and R3.

C. Configure the s0/0 interface on R1 as two sub interfaces and configure point-to-point links toR2
and R3.

D. Dynamic routing protocols such as RIP v2 cannot be used across Frame Relay networks.


Answer: C

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QUESTION 13

An access list has been designed to prevent HTTP traffic from the Accounting Department from

reaching the HR server attached to the Holyoke router. Which of the following access lists will

accomplish this task when grouped with the e0 interface on the Chicopee router?

A. denytcp 172.16.16.0 0.0.0.255 172.17.17.252 0.0.0.0 eq 80 permit ip any any

B. permitip any any deny tcp 172.16.16.0 0.0.0.255 172.17.17.252 0.0.0.0 eq 80

C. permitip any any deny tcp 172.17.17.252 0.0.0.0 172.16.16.0 0.0.0.255 eq 80

D. denytcp 172.17.17.252 0.0.0.0 172.16.16.0 0.0.0.255 eq 80 permit ip any any


Answer: A

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QUESTION 14

Which three benefits are of VLANs? (Choose three.)


A. They can enhance network security.

B. They allow logical grouping of users by function.

C. They simplify switch administration.

D. They increase the number of broadcast domains while decreasing the size of the broadcast

domains.


Answer: A,B,D


Explanation:

VLANs are used to segment a LAN into multiple, smaller LANs. This can be used to enhance

security as local traffic from one VLAN will not be passed to users in other VLANS.

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QUESTION 15

A network administrator would configure port security on a switch, why?


A. to prevent unauthorized Telnet from accessing to a switch port

B. to protect the IP and MAC address of the switch and associated ports

C. to prevent unauthorized hosts from accessing the LAN

D. to block unauthorized access to the switch management interfaces over common TCP ports


Answer: C


Explanation:

You can use the port security feature to restrict input to an interface by limiting and identifying

MAC addresses of the stations allowed to access the port. When you assign secure MAC

addresses to a secure port, the port does not forward packets with source addresses outside the

group of defined addresses. If you limit the number of secure MAC addresses to one and assign a

single secure MAC address, the workstation attached to that port is assured the full bandwidth of

the port.

If a port is configured as a secure port and the maximum number of secure MAC addresses is

reached, when the MAC address of a station attempting to access the port is different from any of

the identified secure MAC addresses, a security violation occurs. Also, if a station with a secure

MAC address configured or learned on one secure port attempts to access another secure port, a

violation is flagged.

Reference:

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/ps628/products_configuration_guide_chapter0

9186a00800d6a38.html#86378

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Microsoft unveils Samsung Windows 8 tablet for developers

Giving 5,000 away to Build attendees

Microsoft has unveiled the first-ever Windows 8 tablet, built by Samsung, which it is giving away to developers attending this week's Build conference.

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The Samsung Windows Developer Preview PC, which is essentially the Samsung Series 7 tablet, will come loaded with the developer build of the new Windows 8 operating system.

The impressively specced-out device features an 11.6-inch 1366 x 768 Super PLS display, a dual-core 1.6GHz Intel i5 processor, a 64GB SSD and 4GB RAM.

The device also comes with USB, Micro USB and HMDI ports, as well as a dock to allow you to plug in a mouse and keyboard.
5,000 free units

The device, of which Microsoft has built 5,000 units, will allow developers to test the new operating system and begin the process of building apps for the new platform, set to launch in 2012.

Microsoft is also including free mobile data for developers for an entire year.

The device, in its current guise is unlikely to ever make it to market, but the relationship with Samsung is likely to be a key one when Microsoft begins building Windows 8 tablets for consumers.

It was also interesting to hear Microsoft continue to refer to all of its Windows 8 products as "PCs" rather than tablets or slates.

Why Do You Need 640-802 Practice Q and A?

Cisco is the international organization in computer networking that transforms how people communicate and work together. Cisco Company produces and sells electronics goods. Cisco is world recognized organization due to its products quality. Cisco has strong impact on the IT professionals.

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Cisco certification enhance your abilities

Cisco certification is highly valued in IT profession. Holder of Cisco certification can apply for job everywhere in the world. Cisco certification is the name of guarantee. A professional can enhance his/her capabilities and can easily improve his/her knowledge and expertise with Cisco certification. Companies are searching for those employees who are well certified and have extra ordinary skills and abilities in their field.
Ensure your reliability

Exam 640-802 is the complex exam connected with the Cisco Certified Network Associate certification. 640-802exam is a greatest way to evaluate the applicant's knowledge and abilities in a relevant field of work. Exam 640-802 is the most valued and demanded exam in IT field. To pass this practice exam 640-802 is not so easy but with our assistance you will clear 640-802 in a very first chance. The professionals who want to be skillful in their fields and also have a wish to reach at the peak of capability and success they use different certification exams for this reason. Practice exams 640-802 are genuine certifications that guarantee your employers that you are highly skilled, qualified, and consistent.

You can pass exam in very first attempt

Practice exam comprises all the questions and answers to assist you in passing the real exam with good marks. If you want to be successful in your profession and want to get distinction among other competitors then come and follow our guideline. With our help you can attain your goals very easily by passing 640-802 exam. With our training material we ensure you 100% success in real exam Free MCTS Training and MCTS Online Training.success in real exam.

CCNA Salary

The CCNA salary range is very similar in nature to the CCNP salary levels, because previous experience, education and other skill sets can play a significant role in the salary you can qualify for. Generally speaking, the Cisco Certified Network Associate pays less than the CCNP designation, and is cited in more junior network IT positions.

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The CCNA salary survey shows that yearly income can more than double, depending on geographic location, the college degrees you have, and other factors.

Let’s look at the 2011 CCNA salary data and see what Cisco IT professionals are getting paid.
USA CCNA Salary Rates

As mentioned, CCNA salary levels in the USA can vary a lot, based on where you live and who you work for. Let’s look at some regions and see the going CCNA salary rates for New York, Dallas and other IT centers in the USA, as reported by Pay Scale:
CCNA Salary New York: Low $43,500 High $123,000

New York is one of the places in the US with the biggest range of salaries for CCNA qualified employees. The top end, at over $123,000 is one of the highest salaries in all of the USA.
CCNA Salary Dallas and Houston

Dallas and Houston are fairly competitive, with salaries in Dallas generally being 5%-10% higher than Houston. Here’s the current CCNA salaries being reported:

Dallas: Low $39,000 High $106,000

Houston: Low $35,000 High $102,000
Atlanta CCNA Salary

The CCNA salary reports from Atlanta suggest the pay is close to Texas, with salaries ranging from $39,000 up to $112,000
Chicago CCNA Salary Levels

If you work in the CCNA salary Chicago data indicates the range to be from $40,000 to $106,000 in 2011, with salary levels growing at 4-5% annually.
CCNA Salary UK Data, Including London

The CCNA salary for the UK is divided into two groups: all of the UK, and everything excluding the London area, because in the London area, CCNA salaries are generally significantly higher.

Looking at the ITJobsWatch site, we see the current CCNA salary rate is £37,000, and if you take all the UK CCNA salary information excluding London, the average rate drops to £35,000.

The average annual salary growth rate averages around 5% for all of the UK, but only about 3% if you exclude the London area.
CCNA Salary Australia – Sydney, Adelaide

The CCNA Salary data for Australia suggests the pay is on par with America, with entry level positions offering around AU$40,000 and senior positions exceeding AU$100,000. Your educations, skills and experience will influence the offers you get, along with your geographic location and the employers you target.
CCNA Salary In India

The current CCNA salary rates in India are significantly lower than the USA, the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. In fact, many levels of careers in India ask for the CCNA designation, including everything from network engineer to IT Director. Generally speaking, the entry level with little or no experience apart from the CCNA designation will earn you a salary starting around Rs 94,567, according to payscale, and the salary can increase more than 500%, up to Rs 501,923, depending on previous work experience and education.

Generally speaking, if you come from a top school, like Mumbai university, your salary will be higher, even as much as Rs 120,000 for a starting position. Likewise, other schools, like IGNOU can lower your starting salary, down to as little as Rs 60,000.
CCNA Requirements

Here are what you need to do to get your CCNA and qualify for CCNA salary levels, as referenced on Wikipedia:

CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) is the certification from Cisco.CCNA certification is a second-level Cisco Career certification. CCNA certification validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks, including implementation and verification of connections to remote sites in a WAN.

To achieve CCNA certification, one must earn a passing score on Cisco exam #640-802, or combined passing scores on both the ICND1 #640-822 and ICND2 #640-816 exams.

Passing the ICND1 grants one the Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician (CCENT) certification.

Passing scores are set by using statistical analysis and are subject to change. At the completion of the exam, candidates receive a score report along with a score breakout by exam section and the passing score for the given exam.

Cisco does not publish exam passing scores because exam questions and passing scores are subject to change without notice.

The use of IP, EIGRP, Frame Relay, RIPv2, VLANs, Ethernet, and access control lists is all included within the curriculum.

CISCO produce a breakdown of the CCNA topics on their website.

The exams themselves include a mixture of question types including Multiple choice, drag and drop, Testlets and simulations.


Additional CCNA Salary Information

For additional CCNA Salary data, consult the local online job listings, as well as the CCNA salary surveys being published online.

If you want to comment on your knowledge of CCNA salary rates around the world, leave a comment below.
Incoming search terms:

entry level CCNA salary new york

Purdue's hefty switch discounts 'unusual,' Cisco says

Company responds to blog reports showing discounts of 76% on Nexus switches for university.
The steep discounts that Purdue University recently received on Cisco's Nexus 7000 switches are 'unusual' and based on factors that go beyond the purchase alone, Cisco says.

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Cisco this week responded to blog reports that it offered Purdue an exclusive deal that includes a 76% discount off Nexus 7000 switches. Purdue is shopping for switches for its Hansen Cluster project, which is a "community cluster" for Purdue faculty and staff looking to cost-effectively acquire computational resources.

There's also the "bake-off" process in which a customer evaluates proposals and staged implementations from bidding vendors. In winning those evaluations, Cisco is rarely the lowest-priced solution, company officials say.

Other factors, such as vendor stability, service and support capabilities and product road map, also come into play, they say. Another is the total cost of ownership over the long-term implementation of the proposed solution, a variable that determines the "value leader" vs. the "price leader," Cisco says.

"We continue to win the majority of deals by not being the price leader," Velaga says.

Nonetheless, Cisco's preparing for customers to demand Purdue-sized discounts now that the Hansen Cluster deal's been made public.

"I wouldn't be surprised if people reached out at a sales level" to request such deep discounting, Velaga says. "They do anyway."

Read more about lans & wans in Network World's LANs & WANs section.

CCNA 640-802 Learning

640-802 Exam: first-choosed braindumps
Language:English
Exam Number/Code: 640-802
Exam Name : Cisco Certified Network Associate
Vendor: Cisco
Associated Certifications：CCNA
Questions and Answers : 441 Questions&Answers
Latest Update Time: 20-07-2010

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Fast-Charging Batteries Face Long Road to Production

The research firm of IDC has predicted that Windows Phone 7 could beat the iPhone by 2015. I'm not sure if they predicted it to get a lot of attention for IDC or if they are serious.

The whole idea stems from the Nokia deal and patterns of buying behavior. There is not enough data—none, in fact—on the pick-up sales created by the Microsoft-Nokia deal, so this prediction is completely off-the-wall and seems based more on current Symbian numbers than actual sales. There is one conceivable underlying assertion, and that's that Phone 7 is better, by far, than Symbian, and if Symbian is still hanging in there (it is), then Phone 7 should do as well or better.

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So logically, this is not a real stretch.

The way IDC sees all this is as follows (all predicted for 2015): Android will be number one with 45.4 percent market share, next will be Windows Phone 7 and Windows Mobile with 20.9 percent, and will be followed by Apple's iPhone with 15.3 percent.. Taking up the rear will be BlackBerry with 13.7 percent, "Others" with 4.6 percent, and then Symbian with 0.2 percent.

This list assumes a lack of consolidation. Anyone who has read my thoughts on the issue knows that I expect the smartphone OSs to consolidate in much the same way that the PC OS business consolidated into two camps, PC and Mac. The smartphone market will logically consolidate into the same basic model. This time, the finally two will be Android and iOS.

This will happen largely for the same reason that the PC/Mac duopoly consolidated and that reason is developer support. People like to buy into a platform that has a lot of developer support, and developers only support what is popular, which is determined by developer support, and it goes round and round.

This crazy cycle cannot be easily broken by newcomers although it was done twice in recent memory in the gaming business by both Sony's PlayStation and Microsoft's Xbox. These two were not even in the game when Sega and Nintendo were battling it out, and everyone said no newcomers could emerge.

But the gaming business is different enough from the PC or smartphone businesses to reject the possibility that a newcomer—Phone 7—could enter the game and becoming successful. And I say this knowing full well that Microsoft invented the category. Okay, to put some historical gaming business spin on it: Atari invented the video game and where is it now?

To summarize: the IDC report is rank speculation.

The one long shot possibility, the way I see it, is that Windows Phone 7 phones could become the low-end smartphones that replace all the so-called feature phones. We have to face the fact that eventually all phones will have no buttons and be based on the smartphone virtual keyboard concept, because at some point they will be much cheaper to make. We can call them software phones, since their operation will be all software.

The problem with Microsoft trying to take over the lower-end segment of the market is that Android and Apple could both drop down and do the same thing. In fact, the Android OS has "Car Home," which presents the user with a simplified menu structure that is reminiscent of Phone 7 and can presumably be operated while driving.

But what is also overlooked in all this is that if all phones are going to become software-based, then there is zero reason not to push them to the max with more and more complex features. It's just software after all.

None of this bodes well, long-term, for Phone 7. It all seems like wishful thinking to me. But I wish them luck.

Windows 7 Rogue WiFi Hack

Windows 7′s popularity has raised its market share at a sky-high pace. Within 3 months of its official launch, it has crossed the Mac OS to capture 8% of the OS market.

A while back, we discussed that Windows 7 features a half-baked “SoftAP” feature, also called “virtual Wi-Fi,” that allows a PC to function as a Wi-Fi client and also as an Access Point (AP) a.k.a wireless router.

The idea is not new but, pretty nifty for sharing data, music, files with others other peers in absence of an actual AP. But often good features come with a backdoor. But it makes executions of certain nightmares handy, e.g.Visitors and parking-lot hackers can piggyback onto the user’s laptop and “ghost ride” into the corporate network, unnoticed.

The problem was first demonstrated at BlackHat by AirTight networks, a wireless intrusion-prevention system (WIPS). They first executed Rogue APs to fetch user’s frequently-connected Wifi, followed by how to make a wishful hacking on the victim’s machine.

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Gopinath KN, director of engineering at AirTight Networks, says a Windows 7 device performs Port Address Translation (PAT), allowing a single public IP address to be used by many LAN devices (and exposing only certain Layer 4 port numbers). So devices that associate with the Windows 7′s virtual AP will be bridged into the wired network unseen because they will be hidden behind the “master” IP address.

The issue is more dangerous than Wi-Fi’s peer-to-peer(ad hoc) mode. In peer-to-peer mode, the only data exposed is the local files and applications on participating users’ laptops — not the whole corporate network.

Remedy

WIPS products such as AirTight’s and those from competitors such as AirMagnet and AirDefense scan the airwaves for unauthorized devices in the airspace — such as a Windows 7 SoftAP — and flag them as rogues that clients are not permitted to associate with.

So using WIPS is one protective option. Another is to provision the laptop with the SoftAP capability turned off and deprive Windows 7 user’s admin rights, so that they can’t turn it back on.

Another way out is to install mobile device management, security agent software on the laptop that enforces centralized policies such as disabling soft APs and ad-hoc Wi-Fi modes. And AirTight, in addition to offering WIPS, also has such a client agent it calls SpectraGuard SAFE.

Microsoft Slams Google in EU Privacy Comments

Microsoft objects to Google's search-related business practices because Google locks in publishers and makes it hard for competing search engines to gain market share, not because of its popularity and competitive power, Microsoft said Friday.

Dave Heiner, vice president and deputy general counsel at Microsoft, released a blog post this afternoon in which he discussed the EU's decision to look into Google's search result rankings. He slammed Google for what he considered to be finger pointing at Microsoft over the investigation.

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"Google's public response to this growing regulatory concern has been to point elsewhere--at Microsoft," Heiner wrote. "Google is telling reporters that antitrust concerns about search are not real because some of the complaints come from one of its last remaining search competitors."

On Tuesday night, Google announced that European antitrust regulators are investigating whether Google intentionally buries search results that might promote its competitors. Three companies - Foundem, ejustice.fr, and Ciao from Bing - filed complaints with the EU over Google's rankings, said Julia Holtz, Google's senior competition counsel.

Foundem, which Google said is partly funded by Microsoft, and ejustice.fr are arguing that Google's algorithms demote their search results because they are a vertical search engine and, therefore, competitive with Google, Holtz said.

In regards to the third company, Ciao, Google suggested that the problems with them started after Microsoft acquired the company in 2008. Prior to that, Ciao was "a long-time AdSense partner of Google's, with whom we always had a good relationship," Holtz said. After Microsoft bought Ciao and re-branded it Ciao from Bing, Google "started receiving complaints about our standard terms and conditions."

In his blog post, Heiner did not address Microsoft's connection to the three companies, referring to them only as "upstart innovators."

UPDATE: A Microsoft spokesman e-mailed to say that the company does not directly fund Foundem. Microsoft partly funds the Initiative for a Competitive Online Marketplace (ICOMP), of which Foundem is a member, Microsoft said.

The real issue, Heiner said, is "whether Google's response really addresses the concerns that have been raised [because] complaints in competition law cases usually come from competitors."

Microsoft did not admit to being directly involved in filing the complaints against Google. Microsoft has heard complaints about Google over the years, Heiner said, and when those "antitrust concerns appear to be substantial, we suggest that firms talk to the competition law agencies."

Heiner acknowledged that Microsoft has talked with European investigators and the Department of Justice about Google, but only in the context of Microsoft's recently approved search deal with Yahoo.

"We told them what we know about how Google is doing business," Heiner wrote. "A lot of that entails explaining the search advertising business, which is complex. Some of that inevitably gets into Google practices that may be harming publishers, advertisers and competition in search and online advertising."

Specifically, Microsoft is concerned that "search and online advertising are increasingly controlled by a single firm, Google," Heiner said. "These and other network effects make it hard for competing search engines to catch up."

This is why Microsoft and Yahoo are combining their efforts, Heiner said. "And that is why we are concerned about Google business practices that tend to lock in publishers and advertisers and make it harder for Microsoft to gain search volume."

Heiner concluded by saying that "leading firms should not be punished for their success [or] because a particular business practice may harm a rival." They should face scrutiny, however, for practices that "exclude competitors, thereby undermining competition more broadly," he said.

Cisco Netranger sensor

Cisco?s Netranger is one product that is only available as an appliance. For this test Cisco was only able to source an older PII-based hardware platform, although the sensor software was up to date. We were also provided with the latest signature library.

Deployment is a rapid affair thanks to Cisco?s Policy Manager software. This stores policy information on a local machine and distributes settings when changed. This means expansion of the network or hardware replacements are simple to manage.

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As this can be overkill in a smaller network Cisco has developed a web interface for three sensors or less.

Inside the policy manager are the sensor options. Each has settings that govern the way it works, including the networks it monitors and whether to reassemble IP fragments or not ? worth doing, as crackers often fragment attacks to avoid IDS.

Next, a signature library has to be associated. This library defines which attacks should be looked for and the action to take when they?re found. Each signature can be manually modified with options including resetting or blocking the attack, and changing the priority level.

Attack reporting can be seen in the Event Viewer application. For the most part, it only generated one message per attack and at no point were we flooded with hundreds of alerts.

This can be further fine-tuned with the help of signature debug mode. This mode reports the number of packets that caused the event to trigger. In a production environment false negatives can be tuned out by upping the set value. Signatures can also be altered to only fire once in a given time period. This prevents the console being flooded in the event of an attack.

You can even write your own pattern-matching signature files which helps if you want to block a new attack or virus before the appropriate signature is released.

Our testing showed the system to be fast and accurate in its detection. We noticed the engine is better working with generic network attacks, and tends to miss out on backdoor and Trojan detection.


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Cisco Security Certificates Mechanism And Its Aspects

Security is always been the major concern for most of the people and there were numerous researches on improving the security. Cryptography has been a major area of research for most of the scientists. Network security is an indispensable part. Customers need to trust the network in order to use it. Thus the users of the network must be well guarded with privacy and security. Confidentiality and integrity must be maintained in order to make people use a network. Cisco security certificates mechanism and its aspects certificates deals with security aspects of a network. In order to authenticate network devices digital certificates are greatly used and they play a major role in authenticating users in a network and one can use it between the network nodes to negotiate IPSec sessions. There are three different ways in which a Cisco device recognizes itself in the network.

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The first one is the preshared keys, where two or more devices have same shared secret key and this is used by the peers for authentication. They compute a data and send it in order to authenticate themselves.

The receiver is expected to create the same hash and this does not depend on the preshared key. It is based on the concept of using the same secret in order to build trust. This method looks very similar to olden ways of communication and it is not very scalable.

The other popular method include self-signed certificate where a device is used for this purpose. It generates own certificate and takes ownership of it and signs it to be valid. One has to use this certificate in a limited manner. A very good example which illustrates the usage of this certificate is SSH. One can also find HTTPS access to be a good example and what it requires is all a username and a password. This is the primary requirement in order to establish a connection. One must be aware of the reloading of the persistent self-signed certificates which has the ability to survive reloads. It has the ability to be store in non-volatile RAM. This factor makes it to be persistent. SSl VPN is an excellent example for persistent SSI which has got a nonvolatile RAM. Another popular certificate is the certificate authority in which a third party is used for the validation process. He is used to authenticate the parties that are trying to communicate. Each party is given with a public and a private key.

The public key is employed for the encryption process and the private key is used with the decryption process. Since they are using the certificates, which were generated from the same source they are given assurance of the identities. In order to obtain the digital certificate one can use the ASA device. This is used to obtain the certificate from the third party.

One has to undergo an enrollment process and this can either be a manual or an automatic enrollment process. This method and the digital certificate is based on third party product and the certificate service is vendor based. One has to contact the vendor to obtain more information on this. One or more pre-shared keys are used with Cisco Adaptive security or third parties are involved in providing digital certificates which are used in the authentication of IPSec. Self-signed digital certificates can also be produced which are used with SSH, HTTPS.

The Cisco Adaptive Security Device Manager also uses this for its connections to the device. One can refer the document in order to understand the procedures for obtaining a digital certificate. This document does not include the procedure for the method of enrollment. One can find the use of ASDM and also the final command-line interface in the document.

One can refer various examples in order to get better enlightenment about the things in the Cisco IOS platform. A popular example includes the IOS certificate enrollment. One can also refer to related examples in order to understand about VPN 3000 series.

One must make sure the following rules are satisfied before proceeding to configuration.

Configure your window server.

Then make sure your server support Cisco axa pix version 7. 0

If required install extra dll files, in order to run the Cisco axa in window server.

Try to get the add-on dll as exe extension. These help you to add your Cisco application easily with the window server.

Make sure the date and time zone is configured properly in the window server.

Modules involved

Cisco asa with recent version should be used.

Cisco adaptive manager version should be minimum 5. 0

Window server should contain its certificate to ensure ability to run the program properly.

Added modules – This configuration also used in Cisco pix series also.

Step by step procedure to configure Asdm.

Click on Asdm application panel to choose configuration button.

Try to choose device manager from driver menu.

Enter the domain and the host name properly.

Then after configuration, click the save button.

Configure asa with proper time and date, and make sure the time setting is correct and matches with their time zones. To do the above configuration login in to ntp server.

Click the application panel, choose clock under device administration.

You can now able to see the calendar, choose the correct date and time in the calendar. Click the save button and close the window.

Now let us see how to configure the asa.

In the application panel, choose key pair under the certificate option.

Click add button, you get a pop up that asks you to fill the key name and size of key name.

Click generate key now and close the window.

Let us see the steps to add the network under trust worthy option in server.

Click on application panel and click add.

Here click the edit trustworthy configuration.

Fill the available key pair and give the related Microsoft URL address for the key used in server.

Let us see the steps to configure control retrieval methods.

Make sure you uncheck the directory access protocol.

Enable the simple http protocol by just putting check mark in check box.

Click save button and close it.

CompTIA IT Study Around The UK – News

In today’s high speed society, support workers who are able to solve problems with computers and networks, along with giving regular solutions to users, are essential in all areas of the business environment. Our country’s need for better qualified personnel is enhanced, as human beings become ever more dependent on computers in today’s environment.

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Watch out that all certifications you’re studying for are commercially relevant and are bang up to date. Training companies own certificates are not normally useful in gaining employment. If your certification doesn’t come from a company like Microsoft, CompTIA, Adobe or Cisco, then chances are it will have been a waste of time – as it’ll be an unknown commodity.

Review the points below and pay great regard to them if you believe that over-used sales technique about ‘guaranteeing’ exams sounds like a benefit to the student:

You’re paying for it somehow. You can be assured it’s not a freebie – they’ve simply charged more for the whole training package. If you want to qualify first ‘go’, then the most successful route is to avoid exam guarantees and pay when entering exams, give it the priority it deserves and apply yourself as required.

Isn’t it outrageous to have to pay the training college in advance for examinations? Go for the best offer at the time, instead of paying any mark-up – and take it closer to home – instead of miles away at the college’s beck and call. A lot of extra profit is made by many companies that incorporate exam fees into the cost of the course. For quite legitimate reasons, a number of students don’t get to do their exams but no refunds are given. Surprising as it sounds, there are training companies who actually bank on it – and that’s how they increase their profits. In addition to this, ‘Exam Guarantees’ often aren’t worth the paper they’re written on. Most companies won’t pay for you to re-take until you’ve completely satisfied them that you’re ready this time.

Spending hundreds or even thousands extra on an ‘Exam Guarantee’ is foolish – when study, commitment and preparing with good quality mock and practice exams is what will really see you through.

Commercially accredited qualifications are now, without a doubt, already replacing the more academic tracks into IT – so why is this? With 3 and 4 year academic degree costs becoming a tall order for many, and the industry’s increasing awareness that key company training is often far more commercially relevant, there has been a great increase in CISCO, Adobe, Microsoft and CompTIA accredited training programmes that create knowledgeable employees at a fraction of the cost and time involved. University courses, for example, clog up the training with vast amounts of background study – and a syllabus that’s too generalised. Students are then prevented from getting enough core and in-depth understanding on a specific area.

It’s a bit like the TV advert: ‘It does what it says on the tin’. All an employer has to do is know what they need doing, and then advertise for someone with the specific certification. Then they know that anyone who applies can do the necessary work.

Potential trainees looking to build an Information Technology career usually have no idea of what route is best, or even what market to achieve their certification in. Consequently, if you’ve got no background in the IT sector, how are you equipped to know what a particular IT employee actually does day-to-day? Let alone decide on what accreditation path is the most likely for ultimate success. To work through this, there should be a discussion of a number of definitive areas:

* Your personality type as well as your interests – what kind of working tasks you like and dislike.

* Is your focus to obtain training because of a specific motive – i.e. are you pushing to work based at home (being your own boss?)?

* Is the money you make further up on your priority-list than some other areas.

* Because there are so many ways to train in the IT industry – it’s wise to pick up some key facts on what differentiates them.

* Having a proper look at how much time and effort that you’re going to put into it.

At the end of the day, the most intelligent way of covering these is from a long chat with someone that understands the market well enough to give you the information required.

Windows 8 is Enough? Microsoft OS Family Gets Confusing

Windows 8 is Enough? Microsoft OS Family Gets Confusing
Windows Phone 7: A major rebranding of the Microsoft phone operating system. Quite simply, the weight of Microsoft's mobile world is on Windows Phone 7, as Microsoft has fallen dangerously behind in the mobile race compared to Apple and RIM, with Android phones now also gaining steam. Windows Mobile 6.x phones will not be upgradeable to Windows Phone 7 because of hardware requirements. The OS is scheduled to ship for the 2010 holiday season.

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Windows Embedded Handheld: This is the newest member of Microsoft's mobile OS family and is built on Windows Mobile 6.5 technology (which was built on the Windows CE kernel, now known as Windows Embedded Compact. Confused yet?). This OS will be used on what Microsoft is calling "enterprise handheld mobile devices": durable smartphones and PDAs used by service technicians, field workers and healthcare reps who need custom line-of-business apps such as bar-code scanning and RFID reading. Windows Embedded Handheld will ship by the end of the year and then, in the second half of 2011, a new version based on the Windows Phone 7 kernel, aka Windows Embedded Compact 7, will be released.

Windows Embedded Standard 7: This is Microsoft's operating system for OEMs that want to include Windows 7 features like Aero, Windows Touch, Silverlight 2 and BitLocker in kiosks, point-of-sale terminals, televisions and set top boxes. It is shipping now.

Windows Embedded Compact 7: This is the next generation of Microsoft's Windows Embedded CE, the platform on which Microsoft builds its phone and mobile operating systems. The upcoming Windows Phone 7 is based on Windows Embedded Compact 7 core. On its own, Windows Embedded Compact 7 will be pitched to device makers whose products don't need or are not powerful enough for the full version of Windows 7, such as slates, portable media players and e-readers. OEMs can select from a menu of Windows Embedded Compact 7 features to get just what they need for their devices. The OS runs on either x86 or ARM-based chips and is scheduled to ship in the fourth quarter of this year.

Shane O'Neill is a senior writer at CIO.com. Follow him on Twitter at twitter.com/smoneill. Follow everything from CIO.com on Twitter at twitter.com/CIOonline.

Read more about operating systems in CIO's Operating Systems Drilldown.

CCNA Security Part 1 What on the Test

CCNA Security Part 1 What on the Test

I had this grand vision of a nice morning at the book store. Three books stacked on the table next to the easy chair, cup of coffee in hand. The books: The CCNA Security ECG (Exam Cert Guide), The Cisco Press CCNA Voice ECG, and the CCNA Wireless ECG. The goal: figure out what was on each exam, and then blog about it over the coming weeks.

My plan was flawed in many ways - but with hopefully good results. The local bookstore didn't open until 10AM, and I started out at 7AM. The bookstore didn't stock these books, either. In fact, I don't recall seeing the Cisco Press ECG books for CCNA Training concentrations anywhere except (I think) Microcenter here in town (Cincinnati), and they're not exactly set up to let you sit around and read their books for free. So I ended up at a coffee shop, looking at the CCNA Security ECG online using Safari (www.safaribooksonline.com )

My own false start got me thinking about what the typical new CCNA must think when trying to even figure out which CCNA concentration to try. Today, I'm going to discuss some reasons why I ended up at the CCNA Security ECG book, and why I think that's a useful place to start.

First off, Cisco publishes exam objectives, and they are by definition pretty sparse. It's a place to start. However, Cisco does not publish details like "these are the sum total of all router CLI configuration commands possibly seen on the exam", or "these are all the terms you should know", or "these are all the topics you need to be able to troubleshoot". But by definition, the Cisco Press Exam Certification Guide series of books try to include all topics, terms, commands, etc that could be on the associated exam. These books also generally attempt to include a little extra, but only if helpful when discussing something that is fair game on the exam. I'm a little biased of course, because practically every workday I'm staring at something from a Cisco Press ECG book, but often times, when looking at exams that I don't write about, I often ignore the official exam topics from Cisco, other than to confirm things I see in the books. But that's just me.

While I'm at it... a quick aside about Exam Cert Guides and Self-study Guides from Cisco Press. The following is not a secret by any means, it's just not commonly known. Cisco Press publishes books with "Certification Guide" in the title, and some books with "Self-study Guide" in the title. The "Certification Guides" are focused on helping you pass an exam, with lots of study tools, a well as a core explanation of the topics. The Self-study Guides come from the content of the authorized Cisco courses for an exam; the author/editor takes that material, and turns it into a book. So, if you take a Cisco authorized course, and look at the corresponding Self-study Guide from Cisco Press, you'll see the same figures, and some or a lot of the same explanations, but clarified, made into book form. Both types of books cover the technology on the associated exam, so both can be useful to figure out what's on an exam. The Cert Guides have lots of exam prep tools, and purposefully different examples/figures/explanations of the topics (as compared to the authorized courses), while the Self-study Guides have mostly course content, and fewer exam prep tools.

Well, back to the whole premise of how to figure out what's on the exam. I think the best place for a detailed, comprehensive view of what's on a Cisco exam is to look at either the Exam Cert Guide or Sefl-study Guide. But there are other options, like these:

1. The official CCNA Security Exam topics at Cisco.com
2. Content of the authorized course
3. Content of the Exam Cert Guide (if it exists)
4. Content of the Self-study Guide (if it exists)
5. A not Cisco Press CCNA Security book
6. People you know
7. The Cisco Learning Network
8. Opinions from communities, like the CLN CCNA Security Study Group

Whatta you think? What source do you trust for the best detailed idea of what's on a Cisco exam?

I trust this source the most for a detailed, comprehensive idea about what's on a Cisco cert exam:
The official Exam topics at Cisco.com
The associated Cisco Authorized Course
The associated Cisco Press Exam Cert Guide
The associated Cisco Press Self-study Guide
Another book about the exam
People I know
The Cisco Learning Network (includes study groups)
Other online communities/groups
Other:
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So, today, I started out, got sidetracked, read, wrote three versions of this blog... and here at the end of the work day, I've just gotta move on. What I did get done was that I looked at the main headings in each chapter of the CCNA Security Exam Cert Guide, and wrote some general notes. I started making a table of topics, noting whether it covered concepts, CLI configuration, SDM configuration, troubleshooting, and whether some of the topic was already covered in CCNA. The results were not perfect - when reading over the book online today, I noticed a couple of topics (SAN security, VoIP security) that just don't appear to be on the exam per the exam topics. But I made a good start on diving the content of the CCNA Security exam based on the book.

You can do the same thing, with a free trial subscription to Safari (ww.safarionlinebooks.com). Be warned, it's a trial for which you give them a credit card number, and you pay if you don't cancel before the end of the trial period. But you could look at the CCNA Security ECG, as well as Voice and Wireless, even if your local bookstore doesn't have a copy.

So, I made a start, but didn't finish. I think a few of you were interested enough in CCNA Security that I think it's worth it to post what I've done so far. Next week I promise I'll write about CCNA Security content, and wrap up the write-up. Be gentle, it's a work in progress. Feel free to comment more, but I promise, next week's post is on CCNA Security content, straight on!
Tags

Thanks Wendell
By Fuzz on Fri, 10/02/2009 - 8:14am.

I am eagerly awaiting the next post. So far it seems that the Security track is where I want to be headed next (I might be able to make some sense of that ASA I bought then!) Finding out exactly what's in store in each of the concentrations will very much make the decision easier for me, but I'm glad you've started with Security. I think most people are interested in the security track, there's still a lot of call for security secialists.




Sure thing! Surprising conceptual depth there
By wendell on Fri, 10/02/2009 - 9:06am.

Fuzz,
It's not something I'd look into that deeply without the blog, but it gives me a chance to dig in a bit. I must say I was surprised by the depth/breadth of conceptual material in the book, compared to what you have to know to make the features work. I may even break down and go take the exam. I did break down and ask for a physical copy of the book, though! Later...




It's only Cisco most popular security appliance
By Anon (not verified) on Sat, 10/03/2009 - 7:48pm.

Fuzz and Wendell,

You might be as disappointed as I was when I learn that the ASA is NOT covered in the CCNA:Security exam...




Maybe not...
By Anon (not verified) on Mon, 10/05/2009 - 3:37am.

Maybe not, but IDS/IPS is, and that's the same on routers as it is on an ASA module (apparently), plus site-site VPN and IPSec is covered, so there's not much difference really.

-Fuzz




IOS and ASA Operating Systems
By Anon (not verified) on Mon, 10/05/2009 - 9:13am.

You can't say there isn't much of a difference when they run completely different Operating Systems.




Waiting for the next post.
By Michael8080 (not verified) on Mon, 10/05/2009 - 12:09pm.

Wendell,

I'm also eagerly waiting for you next post on this subject. I've had the Cisco CCNA-Security ESG sitting on my desk since I re-certified my CCNA in July. I want to start digging into it more in this uncertain job market. Security seems to be the broadest of the three specializations, with the most job potential.




Nice Info
By Exams (not verified) on Wed, 08/04/2010 - 5:38am.

These are some valuable information you have provided to us. By following these suggestion one may be prapre for CCNA Certification exams. I have also searched some sites about CCNA preparation and found a site http://www.certkingdom.com is looking very good and reliable.

Obtaining CCNA Certification

In order to obtain a CCNA certification, there are two routes available to the candidates. You can either take the Cisco CCNA exam or you can take the Cisco 640-811 and Cisco 640-821 combined examination. CCNA certification is valid up to 3 years and in order to recertify, minimum eligible marks has to be obtained during the current year CCNA examination or in ICND exam or in CCIE written exam.

Cisco CCNA certification examination:

This exam is available for the candidates who are willing to pursue a single exam option for the CCNA certification. This CCNA exam will certify that all successful candidates are having important skills as well as knowledge in selecting, configuring and troubleshooting several devices in Cisco networking. This CCNA certification exam covers the topic on switched networks along with VLANS, establishment of point to point connections, establishment of frame relay connections, IP route determining and management of IP traffic along with Access list. All the objectives are from Cisco and the objectives as well as exam topics are subject to change without any notice since the technology is often changing.

Though there are two routes in obtaining this CCNA certificate, all candidates are tested on the same subjects. By choosing the first route (single exam option), candidates will be focusing on one area (subject) at a time and take other relevant exams when they are ready. Additionally, one important thing which all candidates has to keep in mind is, there is a fee for applying to this certification exam. Hence the combined exam route will be slightly lesser cost when compared with two exam approach. MCTS Training | MCITP Training .

CCNA Advice

CCNA advice refers to guidance that can be made use of to attend the CCNA test successfully. The following points may be kept in mind as part of the preparation for the CCNA.

There is no need to fear the test. There are no negative marks for wrong answer. All answers are final; you cannot return to a question once you have answered it. Thus each question has to be carefully considered. The practical can be done at your convenience. Practice as often as you can and save time during the certification examination. Good practice will provide better time management and make sure that there is sufficient time to answer the multiple choice and theory questions.

There are various CCNA books such as Sybex CCNA book by Todd Lammle and the Cisco press book by Wendel Odum. Lilligren grades topics according to their importance in the CCNA examination. To attend the CCNA examination, one needs to know subnetting very well. Knowledge of bit masks and network addresses will help to pass the examination. SemSim is the internationally established CCNA exam router. SenSim software helps to understand networking concepts. It also provides a classroom quality-learning environment at a reasonable price.

Many good and bad exam routers are available. A good exam router should be complete and accurate. Good training makes you familiar with all the key commands needed. Adequate training makes the examination simple, clean and fast. CCNA certification indicates that you possess a very strong foundation and apprentice level knowledge of networking. However, there are different CCNA tracks that may or may not be the most appropriate for the certification goals. Tough exam preparation tools, combined with experience, will ensure that you have the edge to succeed.
MCTS Training | MCITP Training .

Configuring CCNA Dynamic DHCP

Step 1: The first step is to enable the service on the Cisco Router

Router(config)# service dhcp

This command enables the Cisco service on the Router and relay features on your router.

To remove the command use the same command with no at the beginning

Configuring the DHCP Pool Name

Configure the pool name and, use the following command in global configuration mode:

Router(config)#ip dhcp pool name

This command creates a name for the Service IP address pool and puts you into pool configuration mode, the prompt changes to dhcp-config#.

Setting up the Address Pool Subnet and Mask Next step is to setup a subnet and mask for the address pool you just created. This pool contains the valid range of IP addresses which the Service will assign to DHCP clients:

Router(dhcp-config)# network network-number [mask|prefix-length]

The prefix length indicates the number of bits which make up the address prefix. The prefix is the alternative way to specify the network mask of the client.

Setting up the Domain Name for the Client The domain name for a client puts the client into that domain.

Router(dhcp-config)# domain-name domain

Setting up the IP Domain Name System Servers for the Client When clients query DNS IP servers when they need to resolve host names or URLS to IP addresses.

Router(dhcp-config)# dns-server address [address2 ...address5]

Specifies the IP address of a DNS server that is available to a client. Only one IP address is needed but you can configure up to 8 of them.

Configuring the Default Router for the Client The client needs to route off of the network and needs to know the IPaddress of the default gateway or default router. The IP address of the default router has to be on the same subnet as the DHCP client.

Router(dhcp-config)# default-router address [address2 ... address8]

Specifies the IP address of a DNS server that is available to a client. Only one IP address is needed but you can configure up to 8 of them.

Setting up the Address Lease Time The default lease time for each IP address assigned by a Server one-day. This is the period of time which the leased address is valid. To change the lease value for an IP address:

Router(dhcp-config)# lease {days[hours][minutes] | infinite}

Configuring Dynamic DHCP on a Cisco Router Part 2

For the CCNA certification you must have a solid understanding in how to configure Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) on a Cisco router to serve IP address information to one or multiple subnets

Example Configuration of DHCP

Router(config)# service dhcp

Router(config)# ip dhcp pool CCNA

Router(dhcp-config)# network 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0

Router(dhcp-config)# domain-name COMMSUPPORT.LOCAL

Router(dhcp-config)# dns-server 10.1.1.1

Router(dhcp-config)# default-router 10.1.1.254

Router(dhcp-config)# lease 5 2 3

The above configuration will assign an address in the range between 10.1.1.2 and 10.1.1.253 to any client, the server will also tell the client that the domain name is commsupport.local, that the DNS server on the subnet is 10.1.1.1, to use a gateway known as 10.1.1.254 and to hold onto the address for 5 days 2 hours and 3 minutes.
MCTS Training | MCITP Training .

The Best Way to Study For CCNA

There are two paths to obtain a Cisco CCNA. The first one requires candidates to take a single composite exam (640-802 CCNA) which covers topics from two Cisco training courses (ICND1 and ICND2). With the second path to CCNA certification, candidates can take two individual exams, the 640-822 (ICND1) and 640-816 (ICND2). Whichever path you decide to follow, you need to cover a quite extensive learning for the CCNA curriculum, so training is essential to guarantee your success.

In my opinion, one of the best choices for learning the CCNA material is to attend an instructor-led classroom training (boot-camp style) which usually have 5-day duration. There are however two major drawbacks for this training choice. The first one is cost. These kind of courses will cost you between $2000 to $4000 which is a considerable amount of money for an introductory course. The second drawback is that classroom-based trainings are quite intensive. During the 5-days of the training you will be "bombarded" with information which will be difficult to assimilate.

So, what is actually the best way to study for the CCNA? In my opinion, the next best choice is to buy a CCNA Video Training . With this study method you can get the benefit of having a visual training instructor teaching you the material from the comfort of your home and without paying so much money. With a CCNA Computer Based Video Training you can train on your own schedule, you can go back and re-study topics that you didn't understand from the beginning, you can get visual examples that will stick in your mind etc. I have actually used Computer Based Video Trainings for my professional level certifications (CCNP and CCSP) and was truly amazed by the results. I have easily passed all exams with scores over 950.
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CCNA Certification ,CCNA Training ,CCNA Exams

If you want to earn this networking credential at an associate level, you will need to go through CCNA certification Training program. In these training programs you get to learn a lot of other important network protocols. These certifications help you to get recognized in the networking market.

Your networking abilities are very well polished through these certification courses. Not only potential employers look forward to such a credential but also your clients are willing to work with you. It takes you a step higher in your career and helps to create a better future.

Cisco CCNA Certification is held in two parts commonly known as Part 1 and Part 2. You will need to pass both this parts in order to get the final certification which adds value to your curriculum vitae.

Where can I get the training?

There are number of IT training companies that offer education to all those individual seeking knowledge about networking. These companies have special packages and training formats to help an individual attain complete knowledge required for networking.

CCNA training modules contain online videos, distance learning classes, onsite training, boot camps and many more methods to educate the students.

There are companies which offer Online or CD-ROM self study course to their students. There are live online classes which can be more interactive for students. Boot camps are usually of seven or ten days. Most of the companies provide real world experience in their trainings.

testkingdom.com offering Cisco CCNA course provide online tutorials, online lab and practice questions.

CCNA Certification , CCNA Exams, CCNA Training

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size route and switched networks, including implementation and verification of connections to remote sites in a WAN. CCNA Certification curriculum includes basic mitigation of security threats, introduction to wireless networking concepts and terminology, and performance-based skills. This new curriculum also includes (but is not limited to) the use of these protocols: IP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Serial Line Interface Protocol Frame Relay, Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2),VLANs, Ethernet, access control lists (ACLs).

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